Brainstorming 

 Thinking up a storm

Brainstorming is a technique for generating a large number of creative ideas with a group or
team of people. It was devised in the 1930s by Alex F Osborn, the head of an advertising
agency in New York, and is based on the premise that ordinary discussions will not produce
many creative ideas because we habitually place constraints and injunctions on our thinking
for fear of how others will judge us.

Brainstorming involves creating an atmosphere in which people feel uninhibited and free to
propose the sort of wild and improbable solutions to problems that often point to the best
course of action. The technique requires some practice and skill to use effectively but is
not difficult if the guidelines are followed.

Attack intractable problems

Use brainstorming whenever you have a problem which is proving particularly intractable and
needs some fairly intense assessment, or `lateral thinking', to address.

How to Brainstorm

You are the leader of a group or team of people and you have a problem that needs to solved.
To use brainstorming to address this problem, follow the steps below.

* If you are not already in a meeting in which the problem has arisen, make arrangements for
a meeting to take place.

* If you are getting together a group which is not already formed, try to involve all those
people who have a vested interest in solving the problem, and those who have specialised
knowledge and are willing to participate.

* You will need to have the following equipment on hand; one or two flipcharts and a good
stock of paper for them; plenty of marking pens to write on the flipcharts (you will be the
only one writing, but a good stock of pens will avoid interruptions if pens run dry); a good
supply of sticky tape to attach the sheets of paper around the walls.; and a whiteboard will
be useful but is not absolutely necessary.

* Try to get a meeting room which is sufficiently large for people to feel comfortable in,
and make the seating arrangements as informal as possible (a horseshoe shaped arrangement of
desks with the flipcharts facing the open end of the U is usually best).

* Ensure that there will be no interruptions. Nothing spoils the free flow of ideas more
quickly than a telephone call or someone being called out of the room.

* As the leader of the brainstorming session, you will take the group through four distinct
stages.

These stages are:

1. tating the problem 

2. Restating the problem 

3. Brainstorming on one or more of the restatements 

4. Evaluating the ideas produced 

* If the group members have not used the technique before then you will need to take them
through a preliminary stage to explain the technique and set the scene.

* State the problem to the group (without writing it on a flipchart or whiteboard).

* Ask for suggestions as to how the problem may be restated and write these up in front of
the group (each restatement should be prefaced by the words "How to .."). By participating in
restating the problem in different words a number of times, the group will begin to see
different perspectives on the problem. Without this step, it is likely these perspectives
would be overlooked.

* Choose one or more of the restatements to brainstorm on. You may want to use a tool such as
multivoting for this.

* Begin the main part of the exercise - the brainstorming itself. This calls for a free flow
of ideas aimed at producing as many as possible. Wild ideas are encouraged and the atmosphere
should be light hearted and enjoyable. 

* To encourage this there are four rules to be enforced (explain these beforehand to groups
new to the technique, and reiterate them briefly to experienced groups). 

(1) SUSPEND JUDGEMENT: there should be no criticism of other people's ideas the key is to
laugh with and not at the ideas of other people. 

(2) FREEWHEEL: encourage participants to dream or to drift, and to be prepared to produce
wild or silly ideas. No idea should be discouraged however off-beat. 

(3) QUANTITY: look for a large volume of ideas -100 ideas in 20 minutes is not uncommon. 

(4) CROSS-FERTILISE: encourage an idea from one member of the group to be developed by other
group members.

* Start the ideas flowing by writing up a couple yourself if necessary.

* Write everyone's ideas up in front of the group so that they can be seen, and number them.

* Don't be discouraged if the ideas dry up and group members become frustrated, this usually
presages a renewed bout of ideas and only requires a pause for everyone to reflect before
getting going again.

* When sufficient ideas have been generated stop and take a breather before going on to the
evaluation stage.

* The evaluation stage brings in critical judgement as opposed to the freewheeling atmosphere
of the `ideas generation' stage.

* Develop the final list by a process of elimination - that is, by weeding out the least
promising ideas progressively. Again, multivoting may be useful here.

* Use the whiteboard to collect, write up and refine a final list of ideas which the group
sees as most likely to solve the problem.