Four Levels of Measurements

• Nominal: Objects are classified into simple attributable categories with no quantitative difference between them, (Yes/No, Good/Bad).

• Ordinal: Objects are able to be arranged, ranked, or ordered into a meaningful attributable arrangement with no real measurement. (Yellow/Blue/Green, Square/Round/Triangle)

• Interval: observations are able to be ranked into exact differences between any two observations, measurements with no natural origin or zero, 80 degrees is not twice as hot as 40 degrees. A one unit scale change corresponds to a one unit change on the o

• Ratio: contains all the properties of interval but has a natural origin. Having a natural origin allows 25 to behalf of 50.

Note that each successive level has all the properties of the previous.

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	The. Deming PDCA Cycle	QMS Implementation	FMEA Information	APQP Information
Auditing Information	8-D Problem Solving	Statistics	Error Proofing (Poka Yoke)	Brainstorming
Identifying Waste	Pull Systems	Lead Time Reduction	Planned Maintenance	Quick Setup
Discovering Change	Process Capability - Cp vs. Cpk	Histogram. Animation	Process Loop Animation	Taguchi Loss Function
		Fishbone / Cause and Effects Animation

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